Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) pathogens induce many cytokines, especially TGF-beta1 47,48. TGF-beta1 has an important role in granulomatous infection; its levels are related to intracellular replication of MAC. Future studies analysing TGF-beta1 in subclinical and clinical animals might help to validate it as biomarker for MAP diagnosis. Macintosh Operating System: The Macintosh Operating System (Mac OS) is an operating system (OS) designed by Apple Inc. To be installed and operated on the Apple Macintosh series of computers. Introduced in 1984, it is a graphical user interface (GUI) based OS that has since been released as multiple different versions. Initially, Mac OS was. As the awareness toward viruses and bacteria grow stronger, AZIO is working hard to bring you innovative and safe tools to support a healthier lifestyle. Building from our well-known large font backlit keyboards, we've created a Mac compatible version crafted with antimicrobial powder to. Our 3rd Annual Laboratory Testing & Automation Virtual Event is now available On-Demand!Laboratory Testing & Automation is a multi-disciplinary approach benefiting from technologies in the lab that facilitate new and improved processes. Nov 08, 2018 Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) refers to infections caused by two types of bacteria: Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium intracellulare. MAC bacteria do not make most people sick.

What is macOS?

macOS is an operating system designed by Apple. The operating system is what allows you to use a computer. macOS comes preloaded on all new Apple Macintosh computers (commonly known as Macs).

macOS makes it possible to complete all kinds of everyday tasks on your computer. For example, you can use it to browse the Internet, check your email, edit digital photos, listen to music, and play games.

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Earlier versions of macOS have been around since the mid-1980s. There have been many versions since then, but the most recent ones include macOS Mojave (2018), HighSierra (2017), Sierra (2016). El Capitan (2015), and Yosemite (2014).

In some older versions, macOS was called OS X (pronounced O-S ten). However, many people use the terms OS X and macOS interchangeably because the basic functionality of the operating system is still very similar.

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University Distinguished Prof Emeritus,
HHMI Investigator

Departments: Plant Biology - Plant, Soil & Microbial Sciences - Microbiology & Molecular Genetics
hes@msu.edu

Research: Molecular Biology of Plant-Pathogen Interactions

Plant diseases are a major cause of crop loss globally, representing a substantial obstacle in sustainable production of food and energy crops that are essential for basic human nutrition and health. Understanding how pathogens cause diseases therefore has broad implications in agriculture and human health. Sheng Yang He’s group is studying plant-Pseudomonas syringae interactions to gain insights into some of the basic principles underlying bacterial pathogenesis and disease susceptibility in plants. To cause disease, P. syringae bacteria produce a variety of virulence factors, including numerous 'effector' proteins that are secreted through the type III protein secretion system (T3SS), and the phytotoxin coronatine, which functions as a molecular mimic of the plant hormone jasmonate.

Bacterial Effector Proteins

Our early work revealed the secretion function and part of the supramolecular structure of the T3SS of P. syringae. More recently, our work contributed to the discovery of two basic functions of P. syringae effector proteins: (i) suppression of plant immune responses and (ii) creation of an aqueous apoplast in which bacteria multiply in infected plant leaves (Figure 1). Over the years, we have studied a number of different P. syringae effectors (e.g., AvrPto, HopAO1, HopZ1, HopM1, AvrE, HopO1-1). Our current effort is directed at understanding how these various effectors contribute to disease development, with the hope that, one day, we could achieve the challenging goal of reconstituting disease susceptibility using host plant mutants that could recapitulate the collective virulence activities of P. syringae effectors.

The Immune Function of Plant Stomata

Plant stomata, formed by pairs of guard cells, are microscopic pores on the surface of all land plants. We found that plant stomata have an important immune function. Specifically, stomata close in response to plant and human pathogenic bacteria (Figure 2). Stomatal guard cells could perceive bacteria through pattern recognition receptors, such as flagellin receptor FLS2, activating a signaling cascade that requires the plant stress hormones salicylic acid. The signal transduction pathway underlying stomatal closure to pathogens is not well characterized. We are taking several approaches to increase our understanding in this area.

Jasmonate Signaling in Disease

For many years, we have been interested in identifying the host target of coronatine, a toxin produced by P. syringae. Coronatine shares striking structural similarities to the plant hormone jasmonate, which plays an important role in plant growth, development, and immunity, and counters stomatal and apoplastic defenses during bacterial pathogenesis. A few years ago, we used coronatine as a molecular probe to identify key regulators (e.g., JAZ repressors) of jasmonate signaling and components of the JAZ-COI1 jasmonate receptor complex (Figure 2). Our current work is aimed at achieving a deep understanding of the jasmonate signaling pathway, with the goal of modifying this pathway for enhanced pathogen resistance.

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New Research Initiatives: The Next Phase of Study

Our current understanding of bacterial pathogenesis and disease susceptibility in plants remains largely one-dimensional, reflecting the heavy reliance on simplistic bilateral interactions of one pathogen and one host under static laboratory conditions. As a result, our knowledge of disease susceptibility does not accurately reflect the multi-dimensional features of plant disease development that occur in nature. To break new ground for the next phase of research on bacterial pathogenesis and disease susceptibility in plants, we have initiated two new projects:

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1. We are studying the molecular bases of the effects of temperature and humidity, which are known to significantly influence disease outbreaks in crop fields.
2. We are developing a soil-based gnotobiotic plant growth system (called “FlowPot”) that enables the study of plant-microbe interactions in soil substrates, in the presence or absence of the endogenous microbiome. With further optimization, we hope that the FlowPot gnotobiotic system may be broadly useful in the study of interplay between the microbiome and plant biology.